A  NEW  LABORATORY  PROJECTION  APPARATUS'/ 

BY 

M.  J.  GREENMAN 

The  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy ,  Philadelphia ,  Penna . 

Reprinted  from  THE  ANATOMICAL  RECORD  (No.  7)  of  THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL 
OF  ANATOMY,  Vol.  VII,  No.  3 


. November  10,  1907 


5  ^ 

p-aw*TY\ 


REMOTE  STORA^c 


A  NEW  LABORATORY  PROJECTION  APPARATUS. 

BY 

M.  J.  GREENMAN. 

The  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy,  Philadelphia. 

With  10  Figures. 

The  projection  apparatus  was  designed  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
the  anatomical  laboratory  of  the  Wistar  Institute  where,  in  nearly  every 
research,  photographic  processes,  outline  drawings  from  the  projected 
objects  or  Born’s  method  of  reconstructing  microscopic  objects  are  em¬ 
ployed.  It  is  essentially  a  fixed  apparatus  and  not  designed  for  lecture 


Fig.  1. 


purposes.  Its  parts  are  all  heavy  to  avoid  vibration  and  that  they  may 
remain  in  place  without  fastenings.  The  base  or  optical  bench  differs 
from  other  forms  of  projection  apparatus  in  consisting  of  one  piece.  Other 
differences  are  found  in  the  mechanical  stage,  in  the  cooling  cells,  in  the 
focusing  apparatus,  in  the  lantern,  and  in  some  other  minor  points.  The 
camera  presents  a  number  of  new  features,  but  as  it  is  not  yet  completed 
no  further  mention  will  be  made  of  it  at  this  time,  except  to  say  that  it  is 
to  be  applied  to  the  same  optical  bench  and  the  same  lantern,  condensers, 
mechanical  stage,  and  focusing  device  are  to  be  used. 

The  apparatus  is  a  result  of  a  series  of  experiments  with  crudely  con¬ 
structed  apparatus  to  ascertain  the  exact  requirements.  I  am  indebted 
to  Dr.  H.  D.  Senior  and  Dr.  G.  L.  Streeter  for  their  assistance  in  de¬ 
veloping  the  plans  and  to  Mr.  S.  Noble,  the  Institute’s  mechanician,  for 
the  skillful  mechanical  work. 

The  Optical  Bench  consists  of  an  iron  frame  approximately  ten  feet 
long.  It  is  made  up  of  a  central  steel  tube  3-J"  in  diameter  bearing 

'p  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


Nov.  10,  '07. 


The  Anatomical  Record 


171 


eight  saddles  or  transverse  castings  placed  equidistant  upon  this  tube. 
The  tube  furnishes  rigid  support  for  the  transverse  bars  which  in  turn 
bear  two  parallel  round  steel  shafts  or  ways  each  1-J"  in  diameter  and 
10'  long  and  set  6"  from  centre  to  centre.  Between  the  two  steel  ways 
and  on  both  outer  sides  are  strips  of  wood  4"  x  J"  secured  to  the  saddles 
forming  a  flat  table  surface.  The  central  strip  bears  a  T  slot  which  may 
be  used  to  secure  apparatus  to  the  bench.  See  Fig.  1. 

Accurate  alignment  of  all  the  optical  parts  is  secured  by  turning  and 
grinding  to  a  perfectly  true  cylinder  the  supporting  3J"  tube;  milling 
all  the  saddles  on  a  jig  so  that  they  are  exactly  alike  and  using  turned 
and  ground  shafting  for  the  ways. 


Fig.  2. 


The  optical  bench  is  borne  upon  two  upright  tubes  or  standards  2J" 
in  diameter  mounted  in  cast  iron  feet  and  of  the  proper  length  to  bring 
the  top  of  the  bench  48"  from  the  floor.  This  frame  is  made  rigid  by  a 
1J"  channel  from  foot  to  foot  and  two  diagonal  tie  rods  with  turn- 
buckles.  Just  beneath  the  optical  bench  is  a  shelf  10"  wide.  Upon  a 
bracket  on  one  standard  is  mounted  the  Rheostat  (10  to  25  amperes). 
Upon  the  two  steel  ways  the  lantern,  condensing  system,  mechanical  stage, 
microscope,  and  other  accessories  are  movable  from  end  to  end  of  the 
bench. 

At  the  proper  distance  from  this  apparatus  is  placed  the  mirror  and 
drawing  table.  The  mirror  24"  x  36"  (Fig.  2  a)  is  suspended  at  an 
angle  of  45°  from  a  wooden  framework  by  strips  of  steel,  one  pair  of 
which  has  binding  screws  and  slots  at  the  lower  ends  (c)  in  order  that 


172 


The  Anatomical  Record 


Nov.  10,  ’07. 


the  miror  may  be  accurately  adjusted  at  45°.  The  wooden  framework 
carrying  the  mirror  is  36"  x  33";  the  central  cross  bar  (d)  is  blocked  down 
at  each  end  in  order  to  pass  beneath  the  apparatus  secured  to  the  ceiling. 
This  frame  is  suspended  from  the  ceiling  of  the  projection  room  by 
means  of  a  steel  track  such  as  is  used  for  sliding  doors  in  house  con¬ 
struction.  This  makes  it  possible  to  move  the  mirror  nearer  to  or  farther 
from  the  projection  apparatus  according  to  the  magnification  desired. 
The  drawing  table  is  of  ordinary  construction  with  a  shelf  just  beneath 
the  top  to  carry  paper  or  wax  plates.  Suspended  by  a  universal  joint 


Fig.  3. 


conveniently  near  the  drawing  table  is  the  focusing  rod  (b)  which  is 
also  movable  from  end  to  end  of  the  projection  room.  Secured  to  the 
ceiling  by  brackets  are  two  parallel  steel  rods  (e.)  ■£"  in  diameter  and 
2-J"  apart.  These  rods  extend  from  end  to  end  of  the  projection  room 
directly  above  the  apparatus.  They  carry  the  pulleys  of  the  focusing 
apparatus  and  make  it  possible  to  have  the  microscope  at  any  point  of  the 
optical  bench  and  focus  it  while  working  at  any  other  point  in  the  room. 
Projecting  from  the  ceiling,  at  convenient  intervals  over  the  optical 
bench  are  three  pairs  of  water  supply  (§")  and  waste  pipes  (-J")  (not 
shown  in  the  figure)  to  furnish  water  circulation  for  the  cooling  cell. 

Each  piece  of  apparatus  to  be  used  on  the  bench  has  a  cast  iron  base, 


Nov.  10 ,  ’07. 


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173 


the  bottom  of  which  has  a  V-shaped  groove  on  one  side  and  a  flat  surface 
on  the  other  side.  The  V-groove  fits  over  one  way  or  shaft  of  the 
optical  bench  and  keeps  the  apparatus  in  line  while  the  flat  surface  rests 
on  the  other  shaft  giving  the  necessary  support. 

The  lantern  consists  of  a  cast  iron  base  (Fig.  3a)  lOf "  x  8".  The 
corner  supports  are  §■"  turned  rods  into  which  grooves  are  sawn  1/16" 
wide  by  3/16"  deep.  In  these  grooves  the  sides  of  the  lantern  slide. 
Any  side  may  be  drawn  out  as  shown  in  Fig.  3.  The  top  of  the  lantern 
is  open,  yet  made  light  proof  by  a  series  of  Z-shaped  sheets  of  metal. 
Through  the  base  at  (b)  and  at  (c)  are  air  inlets.  At  (d)  is  a  double 
tube  or  light  lock  secured  to  the  front  of  the  lantern  into  which  an  exten¬ 
sion  of  the  condensing  system  (e)  fits  loosely  so  that  the  distance  from 
the  arc  to  the  condensing  lens  may  be  varied  without  allowing  light  to 
escape.  The  lamp  which  we  use  is  a  Thompson  Hand  Feed  Lamp.  The 
screws  for  adjusting  the  carbons  extend  through  the  rear  of  the  lantern 


Fig.  4. 


and  by  means  of  a  strip  of  steel  held  in  grooves  in  the  rear  plate  render 
the  adjustment  of  the  lamp  easy  and  without  the  escape  'of  light.  The 
electric  wires  enter  the  lantern  through  two  small  holes  extending  3" 
into  the  base  and  then  turning  upward  into  the  lantern.  The  optic  axis 
is  fixed  at  9"  from  the  top  of  the  ways  of  the  bench. 

The  condensing  system  consists  of  two  6"  plano-convex  lenses  in  extra 
heavy  brass  mountings  with  a  cooling  cell  fitted  snugly  between  to  absorb 
the  maximum  amount  of  heat.  The  cooling  cell  differs  from  other  forms 
known  to  me  in  having  a  hollow  or  jacketed  wall  through  which  cold 
water,  from  any  source,  keeps  the  temperature  down.  The  water  does  not 
enter  the  cell  itself.  The  water  flows  into  one  opening  (f)  passes  almost 
entirely  around  the  cell  and  out  another  opening  (g).  The  construction 
is  shown  by  the  section  Fig.  4.  Water  connections  are  made  with  the  be¬ 
fore  mentioned  outlets  in  the  ceiling  of  the  projection  room  by  means  of 
rubber  or  flexible  metal  tubes  with  screw  fittings.  This  device  keeps  the 
lens  mountings  cool  and  renders  the  rays  practically  free  from  heat.  In 

The  Anatomical  Record. — No.  7. 


174 


The  Anatomical  Record 


Nov.  10,  ’07. 


cases  where  extra  light  is  needed  or  where  objects  must  be  kept  cold 
a  second  cell  is  attached  to  the  stage.  For  this  improvement  I  am  in¬ 
debted  to  Professor  Simon  H.  Gage,  of  Cornell  University,  who  discov¬ 
ered  that  when  a  microscope  slide  under  an  intense  light,  bearing  heat 
rays,  was  placed  upon  a  cold  surface  the  heat  was  more  rapidly  conducted 
out  of  the  slide  than  it  was  absorbed  from  the  rays  by  merely  passing 
through  a  cold  fluid.  The  glass  surface  of  the  cooling  cell  is  therefore 
the  stage  proper.  Behind  the  cell  is  a  brass  plate  carrying  an  iris  dia- 


Jig.  5. 


phragm.  When  the  cooling  cell  is  not  needed  the  brass  plate  is  brought 
forward  to  serve  as  the  stage  proper.  The  cooling  cell  is  4-J"  wide,  9"  high, 
and  1-J"  thick. 

The  mechanical  stage  differs  from  others  in  its  capacity.  An  ordinary 
1"  x  3"  or  a  7-J  x  5J"  slide  are  equally  easily  manipulated.  The  screws, 
especially  made  for  the  apparatus,  give  a  moderately  rapid  movement  of 
the  carrier  in  either  direction.  Referring  to  Fig.  5,  (a)  is  a  heavy  cast 
block  to  give  stability  without  the  necessity  of  fastening  it  to  the  bench. 


Nov.  10,  3 07 . 


The  Anatomical  Record 


175 


Two  §"  steel  rods  (b  b)  carry  the  movable  parts  (c-d).  The  vertical  move¬ 
ment  is  accomplished  by  the  screw  (e)  while  the  bar  (d)  is  moved  hori¬ 
zontally  upon  (c)  by  the  screw  (f).  Two  adjustable  clips  (gg)  hold  by 
means  of  beveled  edges  the  glass  slides  against  the  stage.  These  clips  may 
be  moved  to  accommodate  any  length  of  slide  up  to  7-J".  At  (h)  is  the 
iris  diaphragm,  which  is  placed  on  the  radiant  side  of  the  cooling  cell. 
The  device  carrying  the  objective  consists  of  a  heavy  cast  iron  base  (Fig. 
6)  (a)  carrying  a  sliding  top  (b) ;  secured  to  this  sliding  top  by  s,tud  bolt 
(c)  is  the  objective  carrier  (d)  resting  upon  three  adjusting  screws  (e  e  e) 
The  objective  carrier  consists  of  a  large  brass  disc  to  which  a  bellows  or 
other  apparatus  may  be  secured.  This  disc  is  bored  and  threaded  for  our 


Fig.  0. 


Fig.  7. 


largest  photographic  lens  and  has  a  series  of  bushings  for  other  lenses 
down  to  the  society  screw  for  microscopic  objectives. 

The  fine  adjustment  is  accomplished  by  the  milled  head  (f)  which 
actuates,  through  a  bevel  gear,  the  sliding  plate  (b).  This  simple  stand 
is  used  for  all  low  powers.  When  high  power  objectives  are  to  be  used 
the  compound  microscope  is  substituted  and  mounted  on  an  adjustable 
table  shown  in  Fig.  7.  This  table  consists  of  a  base  (a)  through  which 
a  5"  hole  admits  the  threaded  extension  of  the  table  proper  (b).  The 
large  brass  nut  (c)  projecting  slightly  on  each  side  is  turned  to  raise 
or  lower  the  table.  The  upper  portion  of  the  table  (d)  slides  between 
two  beveled  guides  secured  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  table  and  the 


176 


The  Anatomical  Kecord 


Nov.  10,  ’ 07 . 


lateral  adjustment  of  the  miscroscope  is  thus  accomplished  by  the  milled 
nut  (e)  which  fits  into  a  groove  in  the  upright  (f).  The  microscope  is 
held  in  place  by  the  clamp  and  screw  (g)  between  the  guides  (h). 

The  focusing  device  is  shown  in  position  in  Fig.  2.  The  focusing  rod 
(b)  hangs  from  the  ceiling  and  is  easily  moved  from  one  end  of  the 
room  to  the  other,  likewise  the  wheel  and  jointed  arm  which  actuates 
the  fine  adjustment  of  the  microscope  may  be  placed  at  any  point  on 
the  optical  bench.  For  the  details  of  the  focusing  device,  Fig.  8  shows 
a  clamp  (a)  which  may  be  secured  to  any  point  along  the  optical  bench 
by  the  screw  (b)  ;  this  clamp  carries  the  A)d  (c)  which  is  adjustable 
vertically  and  transversely  to  the  bench  by  means  of  the  screw  (d).  At 
(e)  another  thumb  screw  permits  the  pulley  (f)  to  be  adjusted  at  any 


Fig.  8. 


angle  to  the  rod  (c).  At  the  points  (gg)  are  universal  joints,  while 
between  them  is  a  shaft  (K)  carrying  a  loose  sleeve  (i).  The  shaft  is 
grooved  on  one  side  and  the  sleeve  carries  a  key  which  fits  the  groove. 
Thus  the  arm  is  freely  extensible  without  clamping  screws.  The  thimble 
(j)  is  lined  with  soft  leather  and  slips  over  the  fine  adjustment  of  the 
microscope  with  sufficient  grip  to  turn  it.  This  device  is  sufficiently  flexi¬ 
ble  in  its  adjustments  and  movements  as  not  to  bind  or  jar  the  microscope 
while  focusing  high  powers.  The  pulley  (f)  is  operated  by  an  oiled 
silk  cord  or  common  fishing  line  coming  from  the  apparatus  attached 
to  the  ceiling.  The  details  of  other  parts  secured  to  the  ceiling  are 
shown  in  Fig.  9.  Two  -J"  steel  parallel  rods  2-J"  apart  (a  a)  are  secured 
to  the  ceiling  above  the  apparatus  by  brackets  screwed  to  the  rods  at  the 
sides  (b  b)  (brackets  not  shown)  so  that  the  clamps  (c  c)  may  pass 


Nov.  10,  ’ 07 . 


The  Anatomical  Record 


177 


without  interference.  Each  pair  of  clamps  (c  c)  are  grooved  to  fit  the 
rods  and  clamped  together  by  the  screw  (j);  screwed  to  the  lower 
halves  of  these  clamps  are  the  pulleys.  Pulleys  (f)  and  (g)  are  idlers, 
one  is  placed  at  each  end  of  the  projection  room.  They  are  to  keep 
the  cord  taut  over  the  other  pulleys.  The  axis  of  pulley  (e)  extends 


Fig.  9. 


downward  and  carries  a  universal  joint  (i)  from  which  the  focusing 
rod  is  suspended.  The  cord  from  the  pulley  (f)  Fig.  8,  attached  to 
the  optical  bench  passes  over  pulley  (d)  Fig.  9,  then  to  pulley  (e)  making 
one  complete  turn  around  this  pulley,  then  around  pulley  (f)  and  from 
this  point  directly  to  pulley  (g)  and  from  (g)  over  pulley  (h)  and  down 
to  the  optical  bench  again.  From  the  universal  joint  (i)  hangs  a  wooden 


Fig.  10. 


rod  f  "  in  diameter.  This  rod  has  been  spoken  of  as  the  focusing  rod  and 
it  will  readily  be  seen  that  a  turn  of  this  rod  in  either  direction  pro¬ 
produces  a  corresponding  movement  in  the  fine  adjustment  of  the  micro¬ 
scope.  The  movement  of  the  focusing  apparatus  is  easy  and  without 


The  Anatomical  Record. — No.  7. 


178 


The  Anatomical  Record 


Nov.  10,  W. 


jar,  so  that  while  drawing  at  one  end  of  the  projection  room,  the  micro¬ 
scope  at  the  opposite  end  is  easily  focnsed.  The  same  focusing  device 
may  be  used  with  the  photomicrographic  camera. 

The  projection  room  together  with  a  dark  room  of  light  panel  work 
construction  is  located  in  one  of  the  large  laboratories  so  that  the  investi¬ 
gator  may  turn  from  his  table  to  the  projection  apparatus  without  leav¬ 
ing  the  laboratory.  The  ceiling  of  the  projection  room  is  seven  feet 
high.  Good  ventilation  is  maintained  by  means  of  a  small  fan  and  two 
24"  light  tight  openings  in  the  ceiling  and  one  in  the  side  wait. 

Fig.  10  is  a  floor  plan  of  the  laboratory  which  contains  the  dark  room 
and  projection  room  and  shows  the  location  of  the  apparatus. 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  ANATOMY. 


EDITORIAL  BOARD. 


CHARLES  R.  BARDEEN,  Uhiv.  of  Wisconsin. 
HENRY  H.  DONALDSON,  Wistar  Institute. 
THOMAS  DWIGHT,  .  Harvard  University. 
JOSEPH  MARSHALL  FLINT,  .  Tale  Univ . 
SIMON  H.  GAGE,  .  .  .  Cornell  Univ. 

G.  CARL  HUBER,  .  .  Univ.  of  Mich . 


GEO.  S.  HUNTINGTON,  .  Columbia  Univ. 
FRANKLIN  P.  MALL,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 
J.  P.  McMURRICH,  .  .  Univ.  of  Toronto. 

CHARLES  S.  MINOT,  .  .  Harvard  Univ. 

GEORGE  A.  P1ERSOL,  .  Univ.  of  Penna. 
H.  McE.  KNOWER,  Secretary, 

Johns  Hopkins  University. 


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